-
1 ad-flīgō (aff-)
ad-flīgō (aff-) īxī, īctus, ere, to dash at, strike upon, throw down, overthrow: statuam: monumentum: si quo adflictae casu conciderunt (alces), Cs.: ad quos (scopulos) adflictam navem videres.— Meton., to damage, injure, shatter: tempestas naves adflixit, ita ut, etc., Cs.—Fig., to ruin, damage, injure, harass, distress, overthrow: senectus me: ad adfligendum equestrem ordinem, humiliating: qui (milites) cum uno genere morbi adfligerentur, were decimated: cum reflavit (fortuna), adfligimur, we are shipwrecked: amissi eius desiderio adflictus, distressed, Cu.: vectigalia bellis adfliguntur, suffer: causam susceptam, i. e. abandon a cause once undertaken.—To cast down, dishearten: animos metu. -
2 causa (caussa)
causa (caussa) ae, f [1 CAV-], a cause, reason, motive, inducement, occasion, opportunity: te causae inpellebant leves, T.: obscura: accedit illa quoque causa: causa, quam ob rem, etc., T.: satis esse causa, quā re, etc., Cs.: si causa nulla est, cur, etc.: causa quod, etc.: ea est causa, ut cloacae subeant, etc., L.: quid causae est quin: nulla causa est quin: causa quo minus, S.: is, qui causa mortis fuit: morbi, V.: nos causa belli sumus, L.: rerum cognoscere causas, V.: Vera obiurgandi causa, T.—Poet.: Bacchus et ad culpam causas dedit (i. e. culparum causa fuit), V.: consurgere in arma, V.: quae rebus sit causa novandis, V.: meo subscribi causa sepulchro, i. e. of my death, O. — In phrases: cum causā, with good reason: sine causā, without good reason: sine ullā apertā causā: his de causis, Cs.: quā de causā: quā ex causa: eā causā, S.: ob eam causam, Cs.: ob eam ipsam causam: quam ob causam, N.: propter eam quam dixi causam: in causā haec sunt, are responsible: vim morbi in causā esse, quo, etc., L.: non paucitatem... causae fuisse cogitabant, to have been the cause, Cs.—Esp., abl. with gen. or possess. adj., on account of, for the sake of: alqm honoris causā nominare, with due respect: omnium nostrum causā: vitandae suspitionis causā: meā causā, T.: meāpte causā, T.: vestrā reique p. causā: vestrarum sedum templorumque causā; cf. quod illi semper sui causā fecerant: additur illius hoc iam causā, quicum agitur.—Meton., an apology, excuse: non causam dico quin ferat, etc., T.: causas nequiquam nectis inanīs, V.—Poet.: Et geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras, i. e. a place to weep, V.—A feigned cause, pretext, pretence: fingit causas ne det, T.: morae causas facere, reasons for the delay, S.: causas innecte morandi, V.: inferre causam, Cs.: bellandi, N.: per causam exercendorum remigum, under the pretext, Cs.: per causam renovati belli, L.: gratiam per hanc causam conciliare.—In law, a cause, judicial process, lawsuit: causam agere: publicam dicere: proferre: perdere: tenere, O.: causae actor accessi: causam dicere, to defend (oneself or as advocate): linguam causis acuere, for pleading, H.: extra causam esse, not to the point: plura extra causam dixisse: atque peracta est causa prior, i. e. the hearing before the decision, O.—A side, party, faction, cause: condemnare causam illam: et causam et hominem probare, Cs.: publica, the common weal, O.—A relation of friendship, connection: omnes causae et necessitudines veteres: quae mihi sit causa cum Caesare. —A condition, state, situation, relation, position: num enim aliā in causā M. Cato fuit, aliā ceteri, etc.: in eādem causā fuerunt, Cs.: in meliore causā. — A commission, business undertaken, employment: cui senatus dederat publice causam, ut mihi gratias ageret: super tali causā eodem missi, N.—In rhet., a concrete question, case for discussion. -
3 (coepiō）
(coepiō） coepī, coeptus, ere [com- + 1 AP-], to begin, commence: non Prius olfecissem, quam ille quicquam coeperet? T.: mecum cogitare, T.: cum ver esse coeperat: Fluctus coepit albescere, V.: oppugnare, Cs.: alia fieri coepere, S.: cum Lacedaemoniis pugnari coepit, N.: urbanus haberi, H.: res agi coepta est: ante petitam esse pecuniam, quam esset coepta deberi: obsidione coepti premi hostes, L.: bello premi sunt coepti, N.: mitescere discordiae intestinae coeptae, L.: si quicquam hic turbae coeperis, T.: illud, quod coepimus, videamus: illa quae coepta sunt ab isto: coeptum bellum foret, S.: se non ante coepturum, quam, etc., L.: perge quo coepisti (sc. ire): dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet, H.: ita coepit tyrannus (sc. dicere), L.: Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit, V.: coepit cum talia vates (sc. fari), V. — P. coeptus, begun, commenced, undertaken: consilium fraude coeptum, L.: iussis Carmina coepta tuis, V.: quaedam (animalia) modo coepta, in process of creation, O.: mors, sought, O. — Of things, to begin, be begun, take a beginning, commence, originate, arise: post, ubi silentium coepit... verba facit, etc., S.: cum deditio coepit, S.: pugna coepit, L. -
4 coeptus
coeptus P. of coepio.* * *Icoepta, coeptum ADJbegun, started, commenced; undertakenIIbeginning, undertaking -
5 lēgātiō
lēgātiō ōnis, f [1 lego], the office of ambassador, embassy, legation: cum legatione in provinciam profectus: legationis officium conficere, Cs.: in legationem proficisci, L.: legationem renuntiare, report an embassy: obire: negotiorum suorum causā legatus est in Africam legatione liberā, i. e. with the privileges, without the duties, of an ambassador: legationes sumere liberas: Legatio votiva, a free embassy, undertaken to pay a vow in a province.—A lieutenant-generalship, deputy-command: quā in legatione duxit exercitum: legionis, Ta.— The persons of an embassy, embassy, legation: legationis princeps, Cs.: legationes ad se reverti iussit, Cs.* * *embassy; member of an embassy; mission -
6 sūmō
sūmō sūmpsī, sūmptus, ere [sub+cmo], to take, take up, take in hand, lay hold of, assume: a me argentum, T.: legem in manūs: litteras ad te a M. Lepido consule sumpsimus, have provided ourselves with: Tusculi ante quam Romae sumpta sunt arma, L.: perventum est eo, quo sumpta navis est, hired: pecuniam mutuam, borrow.—To take, eat, drink, consume, enjoy, put on: vinum, N.: Partem Falerni, H.: pomum de lance, O.: sumptā virili togā, put on: regium ornatum, N.— To take in exchange, buy, purchase: decumas agri Leontini: Quae parvo sumi nequeunt, H.—Fig., to take, take up, assume: tantos sibi spiritūs, ut, etc., assumed, Cs.: animum, take courage, O.: sump<*> tis inimicitiis, susceptā causā.— To take up, under take, enter upon, begin: omne bellum sumi facile, to be undertaken, S.: bellum cum Veientibus sumptum, L.: Prima fide vocisque ratae temptamina, O.: Quem virum lyrā sumis celebrare? H.— To exact, inflict, with supplicium or poenam: more maiorum supplicium sumpsit, Cs.: de illā supplicium sumere: virgis supplicium crudelissime sumere: pro maleficio poenam sumi oportere: tam crudelīs poenas, to take such cruel revenge, V.— To take, choose, select: philosophiae studium: hoc mihi sumo, this is my choice: meliores liberos sumpsisse quam genuisse, i. e. to have adopted, S.: materiam vestris aequam Viribus, H.: mala, O.: disceptatorem, L.: Miltiadem imperatorem sibi, N.— To take, assume, claim, arrogate, appropriate: quamquam mihi non sumo tantum neque adrogo, ut, etc.: imperatorias sibi partīs, Cs.: Nec sumit aut ponit securīs Arbitrio popularis aurae, H.: voltūs acerbos, O.: antiquos mores, L.— To take, obtain, get, acquire, receive: distat sumasne pudenter An rapias, H.: laudem a crimine, O.: sumpto rigore, O.— To take, lay out, use, apply, employ, spend, consume: frustra operam, T.: laborem, Cs.: diem ad deliberandum, Cs.: cibi quietisque tempus, L.: curis sumptus, worn out, C. poët.—Of a speaker, to take for granted, assume, maintain, suppose, affirm: id sumere pro certo, quod dubium est: beatos esse deos: pro non dubio, aequius esse, etc., L.— To take, bring forward, cite, mention, adduce: homines notos sumere odiosum est: unum hoc sumo: quid quisquam potest ex omni memoriā sumere inlustrius?* * *Isumere, sumpsi, sumptus Vtake up; begin; suppose, assume; select; purchase; exact (punishment); obtainIIsumere, sumsi, sumtus Vaccept; begin; suppose; select; purchase; obtain; (= sumpsi, sumptum) -
7 ut
ut conj. [1 ut], with subj.—Of effect or result, that, so that: prior pars orationis tuae faciebat ut mori cuperem: di prohibeant, iudices, ut hoc praesidium sectorum existimetur: Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat ut per finīs suos Helvetios ire patiantur, Cs.: quid adsequitur, nisi hoc ut arent qui... in agris remanserunt, what does he gain: vicerunt tribuni ut legem preferrent, L.: ille adduci non potest ut, etc.: impellit alios avaritia ut, etc., Cs.: eos deduxi testīs ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini possit: mons altissimus impendebat, ut perpauci prohibere possent, Cs.: non ita fracti animi civitatis erant, ut non sentirent, etc., as not to feel, L.—In thought, that, so that, to (esp. after verbs of wishing, commanding, or endeavoring): volo uti mihi respondeas, num quis, etc., I wish you to answer: tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium: Ut illum di deaeque perdant, T.: censeo ut iter reliquum conficere pergas, I propose: obsides inter se dent, Sequani ne... Helvetii ut sine maleficio transeant, Cs.: constitueram ut manerem: paciscitur cum principibus ut copias inde abducant, L.: edicere ut senatus redriet: ille tibi potestatem facturus sit ut eligas utrum velis: qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut conrigat mores aliorum, who has undertaken to correct: navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis, care: omnis spes eo versa ut totis viribus terrā adgrederentur, L.: satis esse magna incommoda accepta ut reliquos casūs timerent, disasters great enough to make them fear, etc., Cs.: quod praeceptum, quia maius erat quam ut ab homine videretur, etc., too great to be from man: clarior res erat quam ut tegi posset, too clear to be covered up, L. —Of definition (conceived as the result of its antecedent, expressed or implied), that: reliquum est ut de Catuli sententiā dicendum videatur: proximum est ut doceam, etc.: consentaneum est huic naturae, ut sapiens velit gerere et administrare rem p.: non est verisimile ut Chrysogonus horum litteras adamarit: vetus est lex amicitiae ut idem amici semper velint: primum est officium ut (homo) se couservet: est mos hominum ut nolint, etc.: potest fieri ut res verbosior haec fuerit, illa verior, it may be that: pater ut in iudicio capitis obesse filio debeat?: ex quo efficitur ut quidquid honestum sit, idem sit utile, it is proved that, etc.: non est igitur ut mirandum sit ea praesentiri, there is no reason to wonder: iam in eo rem fore ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint, the situation would be such, that, etc., L.: iam prope erat ut, etc., it was almost come to such a pass, that, etc., L.: cum esset haec ei proposita condicio ut aut iuste accusaret aut acerbe moreretur, etc.: Suevi in eam se consuetudinem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissimis lavarentur in fluminibus, Cs.: hoc iure sunt socii ut eis ne deplorare quidem de suis incommodis liceat: ne voce quidem incommodā, nedum ut ulla vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo mansuefecerant plebem (i. e. nedum ullā vi), L.—In final clauses (of purpose), that, in order that, for the purpose of, so that, so as to: haec acta res est ut ei nobiles restituerentur in civitatem: Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit, uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet, Cs.; cf. Id ut ne fiat, haec res sola est remedio, T.: consensus senatūs fuit ut proficisceremur: vicit sententia ut mitterentur coloni, L.: ha<*> mente laborem Sese ferre senes ut in otia tuta recedant Aiunt, H.: potius ad delendam memoriam dedecoris, quam ut timorem faciat, L.— After a subst: morandi causa erat ut hostem ad certamen eliceret, L.: causa autem fuit huc veniendi, ut quosdam hinc libros promerem.—Ellipt.: ut in pauca conferam, testamento facto mulier moritur (sc. hoc dico), to be brief, etc.: et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est, to tell the truth: Murena, si nemini, ut levissime dicam, odio fuit, to say the least.* * *to (+ subj), in order that/to; how, as, when, while; even if -
8 orditus
ordita, orditum ADJset up, layed down (warp of a web); undertaken, embarked upon, begun -
9 adfligo
I.Lit., to strike or beat a thing to some point, to cast or throw down or against, to dash, somewhere by striking; esp. of ships which are driven or cast away by the wind. —Constr. with ad or dat.:II.te ad terram, scelus, adfligam,
I will dash thee to the earth, Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 15, and id. Rud. 4, 3, 71:nolo equidem te adfligi,
id. Most. 1, 4, 19:statuam,
to throw down, overthrow, Cic. Pis. 38; so,monumentum,
id. Cael. 32: domum, id. pro Dom. 40: (alces) si quo adflictae casu conciderint, Caes. B. G. 6, 27:infirmas arbores pondere adfligunt,
id. ib.:tempestas naves Rhodias adflixit, ita ut, etc.,
dashed them about, shattered them, id. B. C. 3, 27.—So in descriptions of a battle:equi atque viri adflicti, etc.,
Sall. J.101,11:ubi scalae comminutae, qui supersteterant, adflicti sunt,
were thrown down, id. ib. 60, 7:ubi Mars communis et victum saepe erigeret et adfligeret victorem,
Liv. 28, 19:imaginem solo,
Tac. H. 1, 41:caput saxo,
to dash against, id. A. 4, 45:aquila duos corvos adflixit et ad terram dedit,
Suet. Aug. 96 Ruhnk.; so id. Dom. 23.— Poet., Ov. M. 12, 139; 14, 206; Sil. 9, 631.—Fig.A.To ruin, weaken, cast down, prostrate: cum prospero flatu ejus (fortunae) utimur, ad exitus pervehimur optatos;B.et cum reflavit, adfligimur,
Cic. Off. 2, 6:virtus nostra nos adflixit,
has ruined, id. Fam. 14, 4; id. Sest. 7:Pompeius ipse se adflixit,
id. Att. 2, 19:senectus enervat et adfligit homines,
id. Sen. 70:opes hostium,
Liv. 2, 16:aliquem bello,
id. 28, 39:Othonianas partes,
Tac. H. 2, 33:amicitias,
Suet. Tib. 51; so id. Aug. 66 et saep.—To reduce, lower, or lessen in value (syn. minuo):C.hoc oratoris esse maxime proprium, rem augere posse laudando, vituperandoque rursus adfligere,
to bring down, Cic. Brut. 12.— Trop., of courage, to cast down, dishearten, to diminish, lessen, impair:animos adfligere et debilitare metu,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 15, 34.—Adfligere causam susceptam, to let a lawsuit which has been undertaken fall through, to give up, abandon, Cic. Sest. 41, 89.—Hence, afflictus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.A.Cast down, ill used, wretched, miserable, unfortunate, distressed; lit. and trop.:B.naves,
damaged, shattered, Caes. B. G. 4, 31:Graecia perculsa et adflicta et perdita,
Cic. Fl. 7:ab adflictā amicitiā transfugere et ad florentem aliam devolare,
id. Quint. 30:non integra fortuna, at adflicta,
id. Sull. 31:adflictum erigere,
id. Imp. Pomp. 29.— Comp.:adflictiore condicione esse,
id. Fam. 6,1;hence: res adflictae (like accisae and adfectae),
disordered, embarrassed, ruined circumstances, affairs in a bad state, ill condition, Sall. J. 76, 6; so Luc. 1, 496; Just. 4, 5:copiae,
Suet. Oth. 9.—Fig.1.Of the mind: cast down, dejected, discouraged, desponding:2.aegritudine adflictus, debilitatus, jacens,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 16:luctu,
id. Phil. 9, 5:maerore,
id. Cat. 2, 1:adflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
Verg. A. 2, 92; Suet. Oth. 9.— -
10 aestivus
aestīvus, a, um, adj. [aestas], of or pertaining to summer, summer-like, summer (freq. and class.):II.Quo pacto aestivis e partibus Aegocerotis Brumalīs adeat flexus,
turns from the hot region of heaven to the wintry sign of Capricorn, Lucr. 5, 615; so id. 5, 639:aestivos menses rei militari dare, hibernos juris dictioni,
Cic. Att. 5, 14:tempora, dies,
summer time, summer days, id. Verr. 2, 5, 31:sol,
Verg. G. 4, 28:aura,
Hor. C. 1, 22, 18:umbra,
Ov. M. 13, 793:rus,
Mart. 8, 61:per aestivos saltus deviasque calles exercitum ducimus,
through woods, where flocks were driven for summer pasture, Liv. 22, 14:aves,
summer birds, id. 5, 6:animalia,
the insects of summer, Plin. 9, 47, 71, § 154:expeditiones,
which were undertaken in summer, Vell. 2, 114: castra, a summer camp (constructed differently from a winter camp), Suet. Claud. 1.—Hence,Subst.: aestīva, ōrum, n.A.For a summer camp, ta therina:B.dum in aestivis essemus,
Cic. Att. 5, 17; id. Fam. 2, 13: aestiva praetoris, of a pleasure-camp, pleasurehouse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 37.—The time appropriate for a campaign (cf. aestas; often continuing until December; v. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 2, 7);C.hence,
a campaign, Cic. Pis. 40: aestivis confectis, after the campaign was ended (which did not take place until the Saturnalia, XIV. Kal. Januar.), id. Fam. 3, 9 fin.:perducere aestiva in mensem Decembrem,
Vell. 2, 105.—Summer pastures for cattle:per montium aestiva,
Plin. 24, 6, 19, § 28.— Meton. for the cattle themselves:Nec singula morbi Corpora corripiunt, sed tota aestiva,
Verg. G. 3, 472.— Hence, * adv.: aestīvē, in a summer-like manner, as in summer: admodum aestive viaticati sumus, we are furnished in a very summer-like manner with money for our journey, i. e. we have but little (the figure taken from the light dress of summer;or, acc. to others, from the scanty provisions which soldiers took with them in summer),
Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 30. -
11 affligo
I.Lit., to strike or beat a thing to some point, to cast or throw down or against, to dash, somewhere by striking; esp. of ships which are driven or cast away by the wind. —Constr. with ad or dat.:II.te ad terram, scelus, adfligam,
I will dash thee to the earth, Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 15, and id. Rud. 4, 3, 71:nolo equidem te adfligi,
id. Most. 1, 4, 19:statuam,
to throw down, overthrow, Cic. Pis. 38; so,monumentum,
id. Cael. 32: domum, id. pro Dom. 40: (alces) si quo adflictae casu conciderint, Caes. B. G. 6, 27:infirmas arbores pondere adfligunt,
id. ib.:tempestas naves Rhodias adflixit, ita ut, etc.,
dashed them about, shattered them, id. B. C. 3, 27.—So in descriptions of a battle:equi atque viri adflicti, etc.,
Sall. J.101,11:ubi scalae comminutae, qui supersteterant, adflicti sunt,
were thrown down, id. ib. 60, 7:ubi Mars communis et victum saepe erigeret et adfligeret victorem,
Liv. 28, 19:imaginem solo,
Tac. H. 1, 41:caput saxo,
to dash against, id. A. 4, 45:aquila duos corvos adflixit et ad terram dedit,
Suet. Aug. 96 Ruhnk.; so id. Dom. 23.— Poet., Ov. M. 12, 139; 14, 206; Sil. 9, 631.—Fig.A.To ruin, weaken, cast down, prostrate: cum prospero flatu ejus (fortunae) utimur, ad exitus pervehimur optatos;B.et cum reflavit, adfligimur,
Cic. Off. 2, 6:virtus nostra nos adflixit,
has ruined, id. Fam. 14, 4; id. Sest. 7:Pompeius ipse se adflixit,
id. Att. 2, 19:senectus enervat et adfligit homines,
id. Sen. 70:opes hostium,
Liv. 2, 16:aliquem bello,
id. 28, 39:Othonianas partes,
Tac. H. 2, 33:amicitias,
Suet. Tib. 51; so id. Aug. 66 et saep.—To reduce, lower, or lessen in value (syn. minuo):C.hoc oratoris esse maxime proprium, rem augere posse laudando, vituperandoque rursus adfligere,
to bring down, Cic. Brut. 12.— Trop., of courage, to cast down, dishearten, to diminish, lessen, impair:animos adfligere et debilitare metu,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 15, 34.—Adfligere causam susceptam, to let a lawsuit which has been undertaken fall through, to give up, abandon, Cic. Sest. 41, 89.—Hence, afflictus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.A.Cast down, ill used, wretched, miserable, unfortunate, distressed; lit. and trop.:B.naves,
damaged, shattered, Caes. B. G. 4, 31:Graecia perculsa et adflicta et perdita,
Cic. Fl. 7:ab adflictā amicitiā transfugere et ad florentem aliam devolare,
id. Quint. 30:non integra fortuna, at adflicta,
id. Sull. 31:adflictum erigere,
id. Imp. Pomp. 29.— Comp.:adflictiore condicione esse,
id. Fam. 6,1;hence: res adflictae (like accisae and adfectae),
disordered, embarrassed, ruined circumstances, affairs in a bad state, ill condition, Sall. J. 76, 6; so Luc. 1, 496; Just. 4, 5:copiae,
Suet. Oth. 9.—Fig.1.Of the mind: cast down, dejected, discouraged, desponding:2.aegritudine adflictus, debilitatus, jacens,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 16:luctu,
id. Phil. 9, 5:maerore,
id. Cat. 2, 1:adflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
Verg. A. 2, 92; Suet. Oth. 9.— -
12 audeo
audĕo, ausus, 2, v. a. and n. ( perf. ausi = ausus sum, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 868 P.; hence freq. in the poets, and prose writers modelled after them, subj. sync. ausim, Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 21; Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 45; 5, 2, 65; Lucr. 2, 178; 5, 196; Verg. E. 3, 32; id. G. 2, 289; Tib. 4, 1, 193; Prop. 2, 5, 24; 3, 12, 21; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 1; Stat. Th. 1, 18; 3, 165; id. Achill. 2, 266; Liv. praef. 1; Plin. Ep. 4, 4 fin.; Tac. Agr. 43: ausis, Att. ap. Non. p. 4, 62; Lucr. 2, 982; 4, 508; 5, 730; 6, 412; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll.:(α).ausit,
Cat. 61, 65; 61, 70; 61, 75; 66, 28; Ov. M. 6, 466; Stat. Th. 12, 101; id. Achill. 1, 544; Liv. 5, 3 fin.:* ausint,
Stat. Th. 11, 126; cf. Prisc l. l.; Struve, p. 175 sq.; Ramsh. Gr. p. 140; Neue, Formenl. II. pp. 333 sq., 542, 547 sq. al.) [acc. to Pott, for avideo from avidus, pr. to be eager about something, to have spirit or courage for it; v. 1. aveo], to venture, to venture to do, to dare; to be bold, courageous (with the idea of courage, boldness; while conari designates a mere attempt, an undertaking; syn.: conor, molior); constr. with acc., inf., quin, in with acc. or abl., and absol.With acc. (mostly in poets and histt., esp. in Tac.):(β).Quā audaciā tantum facinus audet?
Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 37; so,ut pessimum facinus auderent,
Tac. H. 1, 28; 2, 85; Suet. Calig. 49: quid domini faciant, audent cum talia furesl Verg. E. 3, 16:ausum talia deposcunt,
Ov. M. 1, 199; 13, 244:capitalem fraudem ausi,
Liv. 23, 14; 3, 2; 26, 40; Vell. 2, 24, 5:erant qui id flagitium formidine auderent,
Tac. A. 1, 69:ausuros nocturnam castrorum oppugnationem,
id. ib. 2, 12; 4, 49; 11, 9; 12, 28; 14, 25; id. H. 1, 48; 2, 25; 2, 69;4, 15 al.: ad audendum aliquid concitāsset, nisi etc.,
Suet. Caes. 8; 19; id. Tib. 37; id. Tit. 8; Just. 5, 9 al.; hence also pass.:multa dolo, pleraque per vim audebantur,
Liv. 39, 8 fin.:auderi adversus aliquem dimicare,
Nep. Milt. 4 fin.:agenda res est audendaque,
Liv. 35, 35, 6; Vell. 2, 56 fin.:patroni necem,
Suet. Dom. 14.—Also ausus, a, um, pass., Tac. A. 3, 67 fin. —With inf. (the usual constr.;* (γ).freq. both in prose and poetry): etiam audes meā revorti gratiā?
Plaut. Men. 4, 3, 23:Ecquid audes de tuo istuc addere?
do you undertake, venture upon? id. ib. 1, 2, 40:commovere me miser non audeo,
I venture not to stir, id. Truc. 4, 3, 44:Neque tibi quicquam dare ausim,
Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 65:nil jam muttire audeo,
id. And. 3, 2, 25; 3, 5, 7; id. Heaut. 5, 1, 80; id. Phorm. 5, 1, 31:hoc ex ipsis caeli rationibus ausim confirmare,
Lucr. 5, 196:auderent credere gentes,
id. 2, 1036; 1, 68; by poet. license transf. to things: Vitigeni latices in aquaï fontibus audent Misceri, the juice from the vine ventures boldly to intermingle with the water, id. 6, 1072:Mithridates tantum victus efficere potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:imperatorem deposcere,
id. ib. 5, 12: ut de Ligarii (facto) non audeam confiteril id. Lig. 3, 8: audeo dicere, I dare say, venture to assert, = tolmô legein, Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84 et saep.:qui pulsi loco cedere ausi erant,
Sall. C. 9, 4; 20, 3:quem tu praeponere no bis Audes,
Cat. 81, 6:refrenare licentiam,
Hor. C. 3, 24, 28:vana contemnere,
Liv. 9, 17, 9:mensuram prodere ausos,
Plin. 2, 1, 1, § 3 al.:non sunt ausi persequi recedentes,
Vulg. Gen. 35, 5; 44, 26; ib. Job, 29, 22; 37, 24; ib. Matt. 22, 46; ib. Act. 5, 13; ib. Rom. 5, 7 et persaepe.—With quin:(δ).ut non audeam, quin promam omnia,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 11.—With in with acc. or abl. (eccl. Lat.): Rogo vos ne praesens audeam in quosdam (Gr. epi tinas), Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 2: In quo quis audet, audeo et ego (Gr. en ô), ib. 2 Cor. 11, 21.—(ε).Absol.:1.(Romani) audendo... magni facti,
Sall. H. Fragm. 4 (n. 12 fin. Gerl.):Nec nunc illi, quia audent, sed quia necesse est, pugnaturi sunt,
Liv. 21, 40, 7:in ejus modi consiliis periculosius esse deprehendi quam audere,
Tac. Agr. 15 fin.:duo itinera audendi (esse), seu mallet statim arma, seu etc.,
id. H. 4, 49:auctor ego audendi,
Verg. A. 12, 159:Nam spirat tragicum satis et feliciter audet,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 166.—With an object to be supplied from the context:hos vero novos magistros nihil intellegebam posse docere, nisi ut auderent (sc. dicere, orationes habere, etc.),
Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 94; Quint. 10, 1, 33 Frotsch.; 1, 5, 72: Judaei sub ipsos muros struxere aciem, rebus secundis longius ausuri (sc. progredi, to advance further), Tac. H. 5, 11: 2, 25, cf. Verg. A. 2, 347.— Hence, P. a.,audens, entis, daring, bold, intrepid, courageous; mostly in a good sense ( poet. or in post-Aug prose):2.tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,
Verg. A. 6, 95:audentes deus ipse juvat,
Ov. M. 10, 586; so id. A. A. 1, 608; id. F. 2, 782:spes audentior,
Val. Fl. 4, 284:nil gravius audenti quam ignavo patiendum esse,
Tac. A. 14, 58; id. H. 2, 2 audentissimi cujusque procursu. id. Agr. 33; id. Or. 14 al.— Adv.: audenter, boldly, fearlessly, rashly: liceat audenter dicere, — Vulg Act. 2, 29; Dig. 28, 2, 29 fin. — Comp.:audentius jam onerat Sejanum,
Tac. A. 4, 68 progressus, id. ib. 13, 40:circumsistere,
id. H. 2, 78:inrupere,
id. ib. 1, 79:agere fortius et audentius,
id. Or 18.— Sup prob not in use.—ausus, a, um, ventured, attempted, undertaken, hence subst.: au-sum, i, n., a daring attempt, a venture, an undertaking, enterprise ( poet. or in postAug. prose; acc. to Serv. ad Verg. A. 12, 351, perh. not before Verg.):At tibi pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis,
Verg. A. 2, 535; 12, 351:fortia ausa,
id. ib. 9, 281:ingentibus annuat ausis,
Ov. M. 7, 178; 2, 328; 11, 12; 9, 621; 10, 460; 11, 242; id. H. 14, 49 al.; Stat. Th. 4, 368:ausum improbum,
Plin. 2, 108, 112, § 147. -
13 causa
causa (by Cicero, and also a little after him, caussa, Quint. 1, 7, 20; so Fast. Praenest. pp. 321, 322; Inscr. Orell. 3681; 4077; 4698 al.; in Mon. Ancyr. 3, 1 dub.), ae, f. [perh. root cav- of caveo, prop. that which is defended or protected; cf. cura], that by, on account of, or through which any thing takes place or is done; a cause, reason, motive, inducement; also, in gen., an occasion, opportunity (opp. effectis, Quint. 6, 3, 66; 7, 3, 29:I.factis,
id. 4, 2, 52; 12, 1, 36 al.; very freq. in all periods, and in all kinds of discourse. In its different meanings syn. with ratio, principium, fons, origo, caput; excusatio, defensio; judicium, controversia, lis; partes, actio; condicio, negotium, commodum, al.).In gen.: causa ea est, quae id efficit, cujus est causa; ut vulnus mortis; cruditas morbi;b.ignis ardoris. Itaque non sic causa intellegi debet, ut quod cuique antecedat, id ei causa sit, sed quod cuique efficienter antecedat,
Cic. Fat. 15, 34:justa et magna et perspicua,
id. Rosc. Am. 14, 40: id. Phil. 2, 22, 53; id. Att. 16, 7, 6:sontica causa, v. sonticus.—Followed by a particle of cause: causa, quamobrem, etc.,
Ter. And. 5, 1, 18; id. Eun. 1, 2, 65; id. [p. 304] Heaut. 2, 3, 95; id. Hec. 3, 3, 22; 3, 5, 2; 4, 4, 73; Cic. Fin. 4, 16, 44:causa, quare, etc.,
Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 60:causa, cur, etc.,
id. Ac. 1, 3, 10; Quint. 11, 3, 16; 2, 3, 11; Hor. C. 1, 16, 19 al.:causa quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 46, § 109; id. Phil. 6, 1, 1; Quint. 2, 1, 1; 5, 10, 30 al.:ut, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 7; Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 6; Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 4 al.:haud causa quin, etc.,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 4:quae causa est quin,
id. Capt. 2, 2, 103:quid causae est quin,
Ter. And. 3, 4, 21; Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; Hor. S. 1, 1, 20:nulla causa est quin,
Cic. Fam. 2, 17, 1:causa quominus,
Sall. C. 51, 41; Liv. 34, 56, 9:causa ne,
id. 34, 39, 9:nihil causae est cur non, etc.,
Quint. 11, 3, 59:causae propter quas, etc.,
id. 4, 2, 12; 5, 7, 24; 8, 6, 23.—With gen. obj.:is, qui causa mortis fuit,
Cic. Phil. 9, 3, 7; Liv. 21, 21, 1; Quint. 7, 3, 18; 7, 4, 42:salutis,
Lucr. 3, 349:morbi,
id. 3, 502; Verg. G. 4, 397; Hor. C. 2, 2, 14:nos causa belli sumus,
Liv. 1, 13, 3:causa mortis fuistis,
Quint. 7, 3, 32; Sen. Ira, 2, 27, 3:explicandae philosophiae,
Cic. Div. 2, 2, 6:nec vero umquam bellorum civilium semen et causa deerit,
id. Off. 2, 8, 29; so,belli,
Sall. C. 2, 2; Verg. A. 7, 553; Hor. C. 2, 1, 2; id. S. 1, 3, 108; id. Ep. 1, 2, 9:felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,
Verg. G. 2, 490:vera objurgandi causa,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 131; cf. with ad:causa ad objurgandum,
id. ib. 1, 1, 123; id. Hec. 4, 4, 71; and poet. with inf.:consurgere in arma,
Verg. A. 10, 90:perire,
Tib. 3, 2, 30:gestare carinas,
Luc. 5, 464.— With prepp.:cum causā,
with good reason, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 8, § 21; id. de Or. 2, 60, 247; Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 4:sine causā,
without good reason, Cic. Div. 2, 28, 61; id. Fat. 9, 18; id. de Or. 2, 60, 246; id. Att. 13, 22, 1; Caes. B. G. 1, 14; Nep. Alcib. 6, 2; Quint. 1, 10, 35; 1, 12, 9:his de causis,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 6:id nisi gravi de causā non fecisset,
id. ib. 7, 7, 3:justis de causis,
id. Fam. 5, 20, 2:quā de causā,
id. Off. 1, 41, 147; id. Ac. 1, 12, 43; Caes. B. G. 1, 1:quibus de causis,
Quint. 4, 2, 15;less freq. in ante-Aug. prose: quā ex causa,
Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 13; id. Mur. 17, 36; but very freq. in Quint., Sen., and the younger Plin.; so,nullā aliā ex causā,
Sen. Ep. 29, 1:multis ex causis,
Quint. 5, 12, 3:quibus ex causis,
id. 4, 2, 15; Plin. Ep. 6, 6, 8:ex plurimis causis,
id. ib. 1, 3, 6:ex his (causis),
id. ib. 5, 8, 6:—ob eam causam scribo, ut, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 4:illa festinatio fuit ob illam causam, ne, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, § 99; Nep. Milt. 6, 2:ob eam causam, quia, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 51:ob eas causas,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:ob eam ipsam causam,
Cic. Brut. 7, 29:quam ob causam,
Nep. Paus. 2, 6:propter eam quam dixi causam,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 46, § 110:causae propter quas,
Quint. 4, 2, 12.—In causā esse, to be the cause of, responsible for, etc. (rare):in causā haec sunt,
Cic. Fam. 1, 1, 1:vim morbi in causā esse, quo serius perficeretur,
Liv. 40, 26, 5:verecundiam multis in causā fuisse, ut, etc.,
Quint. 12, 5, 2; Plin. Ep. 6, 10, 3; 7, 5, 1; Plin. 9, 30, 49, § 94; cf.:tarditatis causa in senatu fuit,
Liv. 4, 58, 4.—Causā, in abl. with gen. or possess. adj. (usu. put after the noun), as patris causā, meā causā, on account of, for the sake of (in the best prose, almost always referring to the future, and implying a purpose; cf. propter with acc. of the pre-existing cause or motive):II.honoris tui causā huc ad te venimus,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 25; Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 35; Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 2 al.:animi causa, v. animus, II., etc.: exempli causā, v. exemplum: causā meā,
Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 47; id. Poen. 1, 2, 160; id. Am. 1, 3, 42 al.; Ter. Heaut. prol. 41; 5, 5, 23 al.;causā meāpte,
id. ib. 4, 3, 8:nostra causa,
id. Phorm. 4, 4, 14; Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 120; Quint. 7, 4, 9:vestrā magis hoc causā volebam quam meā,
Cic. de Or. 1, 35. 162:aliena potius causa quam sua,
Quint. 3, 7, 16.—Put before the noun:rastros capsit causă potiendi agri,
Enn. Ann. 324 Vahl.:quidquid hujus feci, causā virginis Feci,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 122; so Liv. 26, 32, 6; 31, 12, 4; 39, 14, 8; 40, 41 fin.; 40, 44, 10.—Rarely with propter in the same sense:vestrarum sedum templorumque causā, propter salutem meorum civium,
Cic. Sest. 20, 45.—With gen. of pers. or reflex. pron. instead of possess. very rare (v. Lahmeyer ad Cic. Lael. 16, 57):quod illi semper sui causā fecerant,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 52, § 121.Esp.A.= justa causa, good reason, just cause, full right:B.cum causā accedere ad accusandum,
with good reason, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 8, § 21; so,cum causā,
id. de Or. 2, 60, 247; Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 4; 3, 16, 7;and the contrary: sine causā,
without good reason, Cic. Div. 2, 28, 61; id. de Or. 2, 60, 246; Caes. B. G. 1, 14; Nep. Alcib. 6, 2 al.—An apology, excuse, Cato, R. R. 2, 2; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 92; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 42; Cic. Fam. 16, 19 fin.; Verg. A. 9, 219 al.—C.Causam alicui dare alicujus rei, occasion:D.qui (Nebatius) mihi dedit causam harum litterarum,
Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 8;for which poët.: Bacchus et ad culpam causas dedit,
Verg. G. 2, 455 Forbig. ad loc.—A feigned cause, a pretext, pretence, = praetextus, prophasis:E.habere causam,
Plaut. As. 4, 1, 44:fingere falsas causas,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71; id. And. 1, 3, 8 Ruhnk.; 4, 1, 18; id. Phorm. 2, 1, 4:fingit causas ne det,
id. Eun. 1, 2, 58; cf. Tib. 1, 6, 11:morae facere,
to pretend reasons for the delay, Sall. J. 36, 2:inferre causam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 2:causam interponere,
Nep. Them. 7, 1; cf. id. Milt. 4, 1:bellandi,
id. Ham. 3, 1:belli,
Tac. A. 12, 45:jurgii,
Phaedr. 1, 1, 4 al. (On the other hand, causa, a true cause, is opp. to praetextus, a pretext, Suet. Caes. 30.)—So freq. per causam, under the pretext, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; 3, 76; 3, 87; Liv. 2, 32, 1 Drak.; 22, 61, 8; Suet. Caes. 2; id. Oth. 3; id. Vesp. 1; Tib. 1, 6, 26; Ov. H. 20, 140; id. Tr. 2, 452.—In judic. lang. t. t., a cause, judicial process, lawsuit:2.privatae,
Cic. Inv. 1, 3, 4:publicae,
id. de Or. 3, 20, 74; id. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:capitis aut famae,
id. Fam. 9, 21, 1:causam agere,
id. de Or. 2, 48, 199; Quint. 6, 1, 54; 7, 2, 55; 10, 7, 30;11, 1, 67 et saep.: constituere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 1, § 1:perorare,
id. Quint. 24, 77:defendere,
Quint. 3, 6, 9; 12, 1, 24; 12, 1, 37; Suet. Caes. 49:exponere,
Quint. 2, 5, 7:perdere,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 10:obtinere,
id. Fam. 1, 4, 1:tenere (= obticere),
Ov. M. 13, 190: causā cadere, v. cado, II.: causam dicere, to defend one ' s self, or to make a defence (as an advocate), Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 12 and 13; 21, 54; id. Sest. 8, 18; id. Quint. 8, 31; Liv. 29, 19, 5; Quint. 5, 11, 39; 8, 2, 24; Suet. Caes. 30 et saep.— Poet.: causa prior, the first part of the process, i. e. the trial, Ov. M. 15, 37.—Hence,Out of the sphere of judicial proceedings, the party, faction, cause that one defends:b.ne condemnare causam illam, quam secutus esset, videretur, etc.,
Cic. Lig. 9, 27 sq.:suarum partium causa,
Quint. 3, 8, 57:causa Caesaris melior,
id. 5, 11, 42; Tac. A. 1, 36 al. —Hence,Meton.(α).A relation of friendship, connection:(β).quīcum tibi adfininitas, societas, omnes denique causae et necessitudines veteres intercedebant,
Cic. Quint. 15, 48:explicare breviter, quae mihi sit ratio et causa cum Caesare,
id. Prov. Cons. 17, 40; id. Fam. 13, 19, 1.—In gen., = condicio, a condition, state, situation, relation, position:(γ).ut nonnumquam mortem sibi ipse consciscere aliquis debeat, alius in eādem causā non debeat: num enim aliā in causā M. Cato fuit, alia ceteri, qui se in Africā Caesari tradiderunt?
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 112; so Caes. B. G. 4, 4 Herz.:(Regulus) erat in meliore causā quam, etc.,
Cic. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Agr. 3, 2, 9 (where for causa in the foll. clause is condicio):atque in hoc genere mea causa est, ut, etc.,
id. Fam. 2, 4, 1; cf. id. ib. 9, 13, 1.—= negotium, a cause, business undertaken for any one, an employment:F.cui senatus dederat publice causam, ut mihi gratias ageret,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 73, § 170:quod nemo eorum rediisset, qui super tali causā eodem missi erant,
Nep. Paus. 4, 1.—In medic. lang., a cause for disease:G.causam metuere,
Cels. 3, 3; so Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 11 fin.; Plin. 28, 15, 61, § 218.—Hence in late Lat. for disease, Cael. Aur. Tard. 5, 10, 95; id. Acut. 2, 29, 157; Veg. 1, 25, 1; 3, 6, 11; 3, 45, 5; 4, 4, 2 al.—That which lies at the basis of a rhetorical representation, matter, subject, hupothesis, Cic. Top. 21, 79; id. Inv. 1, 6, 8; Auct. Her. 1, 11, 18; Quint. 3, 5, 7 sq. -
14 coepio
coepĭo, coepi, coeptum, 3 (the tempp. press. only a few times in the ante-class. period, and coepturus, Liv. 30, 5, 6; 42, 47, 3; Quint. 10, 1, 46; Plin. 16, 25, 41, § 98; Suet. Calig. 46; the tempp. perff., both in act. and pass. form, very freq.;I.a trisyl. coëpit,
Lucr. 4, 619 Lachm. N. cr.), v. a. and n. [contr. from co-ăpio = apo; hence coapias for coepias in Cod. Ambros.; Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 46; v. in the foll., and cf. Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, p. 248], lit. to lay hold of something on different sides, to lay hold of; hence of an action, to begin, commence, undertake ( = incipio, which is the class. pres.).Act.1.Tempp. press.: coepiam seditiosa verba loqui, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 59, 10 Müll. lubido extemplo coepere est convivium, Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 41:2.mage si exigere coepias,
id. Trin. 4, 3, 46 Ritschl N. cr.:neque pugnas neque ego lites coepio,
id. Men. 5, 5, 57:ubi nihil habeat, alium quaestum coepiat,
id. Truc. 2, 1, 23: mane coepiam, Caecil. ap. Non. p. 89, 17: non Prius olfecissem, quam ille quicquam coeperet, Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 43 Fleck.; cf.Neue, Formenl. 2, 616: se Hasdrubalem adgressurum, ceterum non ante coepturum, quam, etc.,
Liv. 30, 5, 6:nos rite coepturi ab Homero videmur,
Quint. 10, 1, 46:nemine opinante quidnam coepturus esset,
Suet. Calig. 46.—Tempp. perff. act.; the object usu. an inf.; so always in Cic. and Cæs.; mostly an inf. act.; rarely pass.; sometimes the acc. of a noun or pronoun.(α).With inf. act.:(β).cum ver esse coeperat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 27; Ov. A. A. 1, 615 sq.:discere coepit, Enn. Ann. ap. Fest. s. v. sam, p. 325, 24 Müll. (v. 228 Vahl.): amare coepi,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 20:oppugnare,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6:ire foras coeperunt,
Lucr. 4, 531:coeperit inter se vesci, etc.,
id. 5, 72 et saep.—With inf. pass. (in the poets and histt.):(γ).per terrarum orbem fruges coepisse creari,
Lucr. 2, 614:alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere,
Sall. C. 51, 40:cum Lacedaemoniis pugnari coepit,
Nep. Epam. 10, 3; so,urbanus haberi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 27:verti,
id. ib. 2, 1, 149:institui,
id. A. P. 21:moveri,
Ov. M. 3, 106; Suet. Tib. 75:expleri,
id. Caes. 26:eligi,
Tac. H. 1, 16:occidi,
id. ib. 3, 34:prohiberi,
Just. 14, 5, 9: coeptum est fieri, Auct. B. Afr. 69; 78; Liv. 24, 49, 4; 25, 34, 13; 27, 42, 5.—With acc. (rare in prose; cf. B. infra): coepit cursum, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45:(δ).novam mapalibus urbem,
Sil. 15, 420:cur non ego id perpetrem, quod coepi?
Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 57:si quicquam hodie hic turbae coeperis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 30:quae coeperamus,
Quint. 6, prooem. 15:hujuscemodi orationem,
Tac. A. 4. 37:(Sabinus) obsidium coepit per praesidia,
id. ib. 4, 39.—Absol.:(ε).nam primum... Non coepisse fuit: coepta expugnare secundum est,
Ov. M. 9, 619:dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 40:Titus Livius hexametri exordio coepit,
Quint. 9, 4, 74; cf. id. 9, 4, 117:si coepisset a toto corpore,
id. 9, 4, 23; cf. id. 7, 1, 2; 8, 6, 50:pro vallo castrorum ita coepit (sc. dicere),
Tac. H. 1, 36:Civilis ita coepit,
id. ib. 5, 26; id. A. 1, 41; 2, 37.—With an ellipsis for dicere coepi, to begin to speak:B.ita coepit tyrannus,
Liv. 34, 31, 1; 39, 15, 2:coram data copia fandi, Maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit,
Verg. A. 1, 521; 6, 372:tum ita coepit: numquam mihi, etc.,
Liv. 28, 27, 1; Tac. A. 1, 41 fin.:ad hunc modum coepit,
id. ib. 2, 37; id. H. 1, 36 fin.; Phaedr. 4, 23, 2.—Pass. in the tempp. perff. and with the inf. pass. (cf. Zumpt, Gram, §II.221): jure coepta appellari est Canis,
Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 18:ante petitam esse pecuniam, quam esset coepta deberi,
Cic. de Or. 1, 37, 168; id. Div. 2, 2, 7; id. Brut. 67, 236; 88, 301; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 209; 2, 5, 4, § 9; id. Fam. 13, 29, 1; id. Att. 3, 15, 5; 6, 1, 3; Liv. 1, 57, 3; 2, 1, 4; 3, 38, 2;9, 7, 7: quae (res) inter eos agi coeptae, neque perfectae essent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 47; 4, 18:bello premi sunt coepti,
Nep. Timoth. 3, 1; Cat. 95, 2.—With inf. act.:mitescere discordiae intestinae coeptae,
Liv. 5, 17, 10; cf. Weissenb. ad loc.— Hence, coeptus, a, um, Part., begun, commenced, undertaken. consilium fraude coeptum, Liv. 35, 36, 5:coeptum atque patratum bellum foret,
Sall. J. 21, 2:jussis Carmina coepta tuis,
Verg. E. 8, 12; so,coepti fiducia belli,
id. A. 2, 162; Liv. 35, 23, 1:amor,
Ov. H. 17, 189:iter,
id. F. 1, 188:arma,
Tac. H. 2, 6; 4, 61:coeptam deinde omissam actionem repetere,
id. ib. 4,44:dies,
id. A. 4, 25 (cf. infra II.):luce,
id. ib. 1, 65;15, 55: nocte,
id. ib. 2, 13:hieme,
id. ib. 12, 31. —Hence, subst.: coeptum, i, n., a work begun, a beginning, undertaking (most freq. after the Aug. per. and in the plur.; perh. never in Cic.;also not in Hor.): ut repetam coeptum pertexere dictis,
Lucr. 1, 418:nec taedia coepti Ulla mei capiam,
Ov. M. 9, 616:coepti paenitentia,
Quint. 12, 5, 3; Suet. Oth. 5:manus ultima coepto Defuit,
Ov. Tr. 2, 555: ne audaci coepto deessent; Liv. 42, 59, 7; cf. Verg. G. 1, 40:feroci,
Sil. 11, 202.—With adv.:bene coepto,
Liv. 45, 15, 7:bene coepta,
Vell. 2, 14; and:temere coepta,
Liv. 36, 15, 2.— Plur.:coeptis meis,
Ov. M. 1, 2:nostris,
id. ib. 9, 486:immanibus,
Verg. A. 4, 642 al. —Without adj., Ov. M. 8, 67; 8, 463; Liv. 23, 35, 16; 23, 41, 4; 24, 13, 4; Tac. H. 2, 85; 3, 52; Suet. Ner. 34; id. Vesp. 6 et saep.—Neutr., to begin, take a beginning, commence, originate, arise (most freq. since the Aug. per.; not in Cic.): neve inde navis incohandae exordium coepisset, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. Rel. v. 282 Vahl.):sic odium coepit glandis,
Lucr. 5, 1416:post, ubi silentium coepit... verba facit, etc.,
Sall. J. 33, 4:cum primum deditio coepit,
id. ib. 62, 7:ubi dies coepit,
id. ib. 91, 4 (cf. supra, I. 2. d):vere coepturo,
Plin. 16, 25, 41, § 98:postquam apud Cadmiam pugna coepit,
Nep. Epam. 10, 3; so,pugna,
Liv. 2, 6, 10; Quint. 2, 4, 42; 9, 4, 50; cf. id. 9, 4, 55:quando coeperit haec ars,
id. 2, 17, 8:obsidium coepit per praesidia,
Tac. A. 4, 49:a quo jurgium coepit,
Quint. 5, 10, 72; so with ab, Tac. H. 2, 47; and with ex, id. A. 15, 54 and 68; cf.:quibus, uti mihi, ex virtute nobilitas coepit,
Sall. J. 85, 17. -
15 cogito
cōgĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [contr. from cŏ-ăgito, acc. to Varr. L. L. 6, § 43 Müll.; but more prob. from con and root of aio, Sanscr. ah; cf.: nego, adagium], to pursue something in the mind (cf. agito, II.), i. e.I.To consider thoroughly, to ponder, to weigh, reflect upon, think (class. in prose and poetry); constr. absol., with aliquid, de aliquo, or de aliquā re, sic, ita, or a rel. -clause: cogitate cum animis vestris si quid, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4; so Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 13; Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 55; 5, 3, 32; Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64; cf.:b.in animo cogitare,
Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 5:toto animo,
Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 3:coepi egomet mecum Aliam rem ex aliā cogitare,
Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 3; so id. ib. 4, 2, 8; 1, 1, 19; id. Ad. 5, 3, 22:placuit tum id mihi. Sic cogitabam: hic, etc.,
id. And. 1, 1, 83; cf. id. Eun. 1, 1, 11; 3, 3, 1; 4, 6, 21; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:sic cogitabam! fore uti, etc.,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77:severā fronte curas cogitans (i. e. animo volvens),
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46; cf. Cic. Leg. 2, 1, 2:nec, aequum anne iniquum imperet, cogitabit,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 19; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 291:quid agam cogito,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 21; cf. id. ib. 5, 1, 7 sq.; id. Ad. 4, 2, 30; Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 10; Lucr. 4, 789; cf. id. 4, 782; Cic. Rab. Perd. 10, 29:ad haec igitur cogita, vel potius excogita,
id. Att. 9, 6, 7.—With acc. of person:Regulum cogita,
think, imagine, picture to yourself, Plin. Ep. 4, 2, 2:tamquam in eo tragoediae argumento sui oblitus tantum Catonem cogitasset,
Tac. Or. 2:matrem, patrem, propinquos,
Quint. Decl. 22 fin.; cf.:o felicem illum, qui non praesens tantum, sed etiam cogitatus emendat,
Sen. Ep. 11, 9.—With two accs.:quem ultimae gentes castiorem non modo viderunt sed cogitaverunt?
Cic. Balb. 4, 9:Scipionem, Laelium, avum,
to think of, call to mind, id. Fin. 5, 1, 2:et majores et posteros cogitate,
Tac. Agr. 32 fin.:si principem cogitares,
Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 31:cum Persas cogitaret,
Flor. 2, 8, 2; Sen. Cons. Marc. 3, 4. —cōgĭtāta, ōrum, n. subst., reflections, thoughts, ideas:B.postquam ad judices Ventum est, non potuit cogitata proloqui,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 53:so cogitata (mentis) eloqui,
Cic. Brut. 72, 253:perficere,
id. Deiot. 7, 21:patefacere,
Nep. Paus. 3, 1:sapientium,
Cic. Agr. 1, 1, 1:Naevii,
id. Quint. 29, 90.—Rare in sing.:quo neque acutius ullius imperatoris cogitatum neque celerius factum usquam legimus,
Nep. Dat. 6, 8.—Cogitare in, adversus aliquem, with an adv., to think in some way in respect to one, to be disposed towards (very rare): si humaniter et sapienter et amabiliter in me cogitare vis, etc., Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 2:II.adversus se,
Suet. Caes. 75 Bremi; cf. with de aliquo:si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis,
Nep. Hann. 2, 6: ut multi mihi renuntiarent... male eum de me cogitare, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 1; and absol.: male cogitantes, Cato, R. R. praef. 4; cf.:Karthagini male jam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio,
Cic. Sen. 6, 18.—In respect to a work to be undertaken or a conclusion to be made, to have something in mind, to intend, meditate, design, plan, purpose, etc.(α).With inf.:(β).praedium parare,
Cato, R. R. 1, 1; 3, 1; Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 163:cogitat recipere hunc in aedes,
Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 58:facere,
id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46:recipere me,
Cic. Att. 2, 9, 4:cenare,
id. ib. 4, 12, 1:uti,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 50:ex fumo dare lucem,
id. A. P. 144:deducere exercitum,
Suet. Ner. 18 al. —With acc.:(γ).proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare,
Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:caedem principis et res novas,
Tac. A. 4, 28 fin.:cogitatum facinus,
Suet. Tib. 19;and parricidium,
id. Calig. 12:mecum rem pulcherrimam,
Curt. 8, 7, 9:tantum nefas in aliquem,
id. 6, 7, 30; 8, 6, 3; cf.:si qua cogitarentur, gravius adversus se,
Suet. Caes. 75:quid bellicosus Cantaber et Scythes cogitet,
what he plots, devises, Hor. C. 2, 11, 2; and so poet. of the (personified) wind:quid cogitet humidus Auster,
Verg. G. 1, 462 Heyne.—With ut and subj.:(δ).neque jam, ut aliquid acquireret... cogitabat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 59:quid... viros cogitasse arbitramur? Ut nomen suum, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 32; Nep. Dion, 9, 2.—With de:a.cogitavit etiam de Homeri carminibus abolendis,
Suet. Calig. 34:de reddendā republicā,
id. Aug. 28:de consciscendā morte,
id. Caes. 36; id. Claud. 31:de quo,
id. Caes. 9:cum spiritus coepit de exitu cogitare,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 25, 1.—In epistolary style, with ellipsis,Of ire:b.in Pompeianum cogitabam inde Aeculanum,
Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4; 9, 1, 2; id. Fam. 7, 4 init.; id. Att. 2, 8, 2; 5, 15, 3.—Of manere:A.eo die cogitabam in Anagnino, postero autem in Tusculano,
Cic. Att. 12, 1, 1; cf.:ut eo die apud T. Titium in Anagnino manerem. Postridie autem in Laterio cogitabam,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 4 (2, 7, 1).—Hence, *P. a.: cōgĭtātus, a, um, deliberate:B.utrum perturbatione aliquā animi, an consulto et cogitata fiat injuria,
Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27 B. and K. (al. cogitato).—cōgĭtātē, adv., with mature reflection, considerately (rare):tractare rem suam,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 45:meditari,
id. Mil. 3, 3, 69:quae vero accurate cogitateque scripsisset,
Cic. Arch. 8, 18. -
16 commolior
com-mōlĭor ( conm-), ītus, 4, v. dep. (ante- and post-class. and very rare); prop., to set in motion:commoliri tempestas fulmina coeptat,
Lucr. 6, 255.— Trop.:lamenta virum commoliri atque ciere,
Lucr. 6, 242 Lachm. N. cr.: dolum aut machinam, Caecil. Stat. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73. — Transf.: nimis moleste confabricatus commolitusque est originem vocabuli, has undertaken, Favorin. ap. Gell. 3, 19, 3. -
17 conmolior
com-mōlĭor ( conm-), ītus, 4, v. dep. (ante- and post-class. and very rare); prop., to set in motion:commoliri tempestas fulmina coeptat,
Lucr. 6, 255.— Trop.:lamenta virum commoliri atque ciere,
Lucr. 6, 242 Lachm. N. cr.: dolum aut machinam, Caecil. Stat. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73. — Transf.: nimis moleste confabricatus commolitusque est originem vocabuli, has undertaken, Favorin. ap. Gell. 3, 19, 3. -
18 libero
lībĕro, āvi, ātum, 1 (old form of the fut. perf. liberasso, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 66), v. a. [1. liber], to make or set free, to free, liberate (syn. vindico).I.Lit., to release from slavery, to free, manumil:II.amicas emite, liberate,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 22:liberem ego te?
id. Men. 5, 7, 35:servos,
Caes. B. C. 3, 9:sese,
Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 182:aliquem vindictā liberare,
Plin. Ep. 7, 16, 4.—Transf.A.In gen., to free, release, extricate, deliver (cf. levo) a person or thing from something (an obligation, debt, difficulty, etc.); constr.: aliquem (aliquid) ab aliqua re, with simple abl.; less freq. with gen.a.With personal objects.(α).With ab:(β).teque item ab eo vindico ac libero,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1:se a Venere,
to release one's self from one's duty to Venus, id. Div. in Caecil. 17, 53.—With abl.: divortio te liberabo incommodis, Poët. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:(γ).defensionum laboribus senatoriisque muneribus liberatus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 1:aliquem culpā,
id. Att. 13, 22, 3:aliquem invidiā,
id. N. D. 1, 6, 13:aliquem suspicione crudelitatis,
id. Fam. 1, 2, 3:aliquem magnā sollicitudine,
id. Att. 6, 1, 10; cf.:populum metu,
id. Rep. 1, 16, 25:liberatus omni perturbatione animi,
id. ib. 1, 17, 28:aliquem periculo,
Caes. B. C. 3, 83:obsidione,
id. B. G. 4, 19:se aere alieno,
to pay a debt, Cic. Att. 6, 2, 4.—With gen.:* (δ).aliquem culpae,
Liv. 41, 19:voti liberari,
id. 5, 28.—With ex:(ε).multos ex incommodis pecuniā,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 9, § 23.—With simple acc.:b.vectigales multos ac stipendiarios liberavit,
exempted from taxes, Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 10:Volusii liberandi, meum fuit consilium,
to release from obligation, id. Fam. 5, 20, 4:Buthrotios cum Caesar decreto suo liberavisset, viz.,
from a division of their lands, id. Att. 16, 16, C, 11:amotusque post triumphum abdicatione dictaturae terror et linguam et animos liberaverat hominum,
Liv. 6, 16, 8:(debitores) capitis deminutione liberantur,
i. e. from debt, Gai. Inst. 3, 84 al. —With inanim. and abstr. objects:B.eum (mundum) ab omni erratione liberavit,
Cic. Univ. 6; cf.below, at the end of this number: quorum linguae sic inhaererent, ut loqui non possent, eae scalpello resectae liberarentur,
would be set free, id. Div. 2, 46, 96: liberare agros, to free or exempt from taxes, id. Agr. 1, 4, 10:publica liberare,
id. ib. 2, 21, 57; cf.:liberari omnia Asiae emporia portusque,
Liv. 32, 33:liberata vectigalia,
id. 41, 28:fundum alii obligatum liberare,
Dig. 18, 1, 41:liberare fidem,
to discharge one's promise, keep one's word, Cic. Fl. 20, 47:liberare promissa,
to cancel promises, to make them void and of no effect, id. Off. 1, 10, 33:nomina,
to settle debts, Liv. 7, 21: impensam, to clear or repay expenses, Col. 3, 3.—Of an abstr. object:divinum animum corpore liberatum cogitatione complecti,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51.—In partic.1.To absolve or acquit in a court of justice (syn.:2.absolvo, solvo): aliquem, opp. condemnare,
Cic. Clu. 22, 60:aliquem crimine aliquo,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 71: liberatur Milo, non eo consilio profectus esse, is acquitted of the charge of having undertaken a journey with the design, etc., id. Mil. 18, 47:reum a judicibus hoc defensionis modo liberari non posse,
Quint. 7, 4, 20.—Very rarely with acc. of the charge:crimen libidinis confessio intemperantiae liberavit,
Val. Max. 8, 1, 12.—To clear, i. e. to pass, traverse, cross over a place without hinderance (post - Aug.):3.flumen,
Front. Strat. 1, 5, 3; 4, 7, 28; Hyg. Fab. 257:angustias freti,
Front. Strat. 1, 4, 13:limen,
Petr. 136.—Templa liberata, freed from buildings that obstructed the view, i. e. having a free prospect, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21. -
19 nunciatio
I.In relig. lang., a declaring, announcing; a declaration, announcement made by the augur respecting what he has observed:II.nos nuntiationem solum habemus: consules etiam spectionem,
Cic. Phil. 2, 32, 81; 5, 3, 9.—In jurid. Lat., an announcement, notice, declaration, information. So of an information respecting ownerless goods which fall to the fiscus:variae causae sunt ex quibus nuntiatio ad fiscum fieri solet,
Dig. 49, 14, 1: novi operis, an information lodged respecting a work undertaken by another to one's injury:de novi operis nunciatione,
Cod. Just. 8, tit. 11; Dig. 39, 1, tit. 1; 5, etc. -
20 nuncio
nuntĭo ( nunc-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [nuntius], to announce, declare, report, relate, narrate, make known, inform, give intelligence of, etc. (cf.: narro, indico, trado, scribo, dico, certiorem facio, etc.).I.In gen., alike of verbal and of written communications; constr. acc. of thing and dat. of person; for the acc. may stand an acc. and inf., a clause with ut or ne and subj., or subj. alone, or with de and abl.; for the dat. an acc. with ad (ante-class.); in pass., both personal and impersonal, the latter most usually, esp. in perf. nuntiatum est, [p. 1229] with subj.-clause.A.Act.1.With acc. of thing (dat. of person):2.non dubito quin celerius tibi hoc rumor, quam ullius nostrum litterae nuntiārint,
Cic. Att. 1, 15, 1:horas quinque puer nondum tibi nuntiat,
Mart. 8, 67, 1:senatui ac populo victoriam,
Suet. Ner. 1:ut nuntiarem nuntium exoptabilem,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 67:voluptatem magnam,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 10:quid est, quod percipi possit, si ne sensus quidem vera nuntiant,
Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 79:talia tibi,
Plin. Ep. 5, 17, 6:horas,
to tell the time of day, Mart. 8, 67, 1; 10, 48, 1; cf. Tac. A. 15, 30.—With clause:3.qui nuntiarent, prope omnes naves afflictas esse,
Caes. B. G. 5, 10; 4, 11, 6:nuntiate regi vestro, regem Romanum deos facere testes,
Liv. 1, 22, 7:litterae tuae laeta continebant, quod te in urbe teneri nuntiabant,
Plin. Ep. 5, 9, 1:visus est talis, qualem esse eum tuae mihi litterae nuntiārant,
Cic. Att. 1, 19, 11.—With ut, ne, or subj.:Catilinae nuntiare, ne eum Lentulus aliique terrerent,
Sall. C. 48, 4:deligit centurionem qui nuntiaret regibus ne armis disceptarent,
Tac. A. 2, 65:nuntiatum, ut prodiret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 358:Vibius nuntiavit Pisoni Romam ad dicendam causam veniret,
Tac. A. 2, 79:jubet nuntiare miserae, dicendam ad causam postero die adesset,
id. ib. 11, 37; Dig. 49, 14, 44.—With inf.:4. B.ergo nuntiat patri abicere spem et uti necessitate,
Tac. A. 16, 11 init. —Passive constructions.1.Pers.:2.utinam meus nunc mortuos pater ad me nuntietur,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 76:aquatores premi nuntiantur,
Caes. B. C. 1, 73:crebris motibus terrae ruere in agris nuntiabantur tecta,
Liv. 4, 21, 5:(tribuni) summā vi restare nuntiabantur,
id. 4, 58, 4; 22, 54, 9:hoc adeo celeriter fecit, ut simul adesse, et venire nuntiaretur,
Caes. B. G. 3, 36:jamjam adesse ejus equites nuntiabantur,
id. ib. 1, 14; Plin. Ep. 3, 7, 1.—Impers.:II.conantibus, priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 4, 1:Caesari nuntiatur Sulmonenses cupere, etc.,
id. B. C. 1, 18, 1:nuntiatur Afranio magnos commeatus ad flumen constitisse,
id. ib. 1, 51, 1:non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transīsse Euphratem,
Cic. Fam. 15, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 87; id. Mil. 18, 48:nuntiatum est nobis a M. Varrone, venisse eum Romā,
Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 1:cum paulo esset de hoc incommodo nuntiatum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41:nuntiatumque Hannibali est,
Liv. 23, 19, 11; Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 1; Tac. A. 2, 79.— Absol.:occiso Sex. Roscio, qui primus Ameriam nuntiat?
who will be the first bearer of the tidings? Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:bene, ita me di ament, nuntias,
you bring good news, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 20.—In partic., in jurid. Lat., to denounce, inform against:causam pecuniae fisco,
Dig. 49, 14, 39; cf.:cum heres decessisset, exstitit qui bona nuntiaret,
ib. 29, 5, 22: opus novum, to inform against a work undertaken by another to one's injury:opus novum, si tibi nuntiavero,
ib. 4, 7, 3; 16; 43, 20, 3.
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